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Clark Freeport was born out of Pinatubo Eruption in 1991 – Mount Pinatubo Eruption

The 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption is one of the two largest volcanic eruptions in the 20th century; the other being the 1912 eruption of Alaska’s Katmai-Novarupta. That fearsome event had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6. That’s larger than the well-publicized 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, which had a VEI of 5.

Although many lives were saved, primarily due to the intensive information drive and predictions by volcanologists that led to massive evacuations, the Mount Pinatubo eruption still caused widespread damage. This was due to pyroclastic flows and ash deposits during the event itself and later on by lahars.

Not even the buildings of the two US military bases were spared from the onslaught. Although much of the residents and equipment of the bases were airlifted, it was impossible to protect the structures housed inside the sprawling bases.

The damage brought about by lahars caused great damage to property, farmlands, and other infrastructures even way after the eruption itself, resulting in the loss of billions of pesos. Every time it rained, and the Philippines is visited by rain very frequently every year, lahars would wreak havoc. To counter the lahars, massive dams and dikes were constructed, which forced the Philippine government to spend some more.

The eruption was so powerful, that its release of great amounts of aerosols and dust into the atmosphere (particularly in the stratosphere) impeded sunlight penetration, which dropped by about 10% from the normal penetration. As a result, temperatures dropped by up to 0.6 degrees Celsius in the northern hemisphere and 0.4 degrees Celsius globally.

It took three years after the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption before the stratospheric cloud cleared. It had far-reaching impacts in the global environment, particularly in the atmosphere. Throughout these years, ozone layer destruction rates rose to its fastest ever.

Mount Pinatubo is located on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, and is being shared by the provinces of Zambales, Pampanga, and Tarlac. The Philippines is found along the highly volatile Pacific Ring of Fire.

As mentioned earlier, despite the magnitude of the event, the Mount Pinatubo Eruption of 1991 did not claim as many lives as would have been expected in more ancient eruptions when advanced volcanology technologies were still non-existent. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and the US Geological Survey both predicted the cataclysmic eruption.

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