Pampangans’ Struggle for Freedom – 11August17
One of the most important character traits of the early settlers in Pampanga was the love of freedom. Such love of freedom has been carried from generation to generation. Kapampangans made great sacrifices to preserve and defend their precious freedom. They proved this in 1571 when hundreds of Kapampangans and Tagalogs from Bulacan and Manila led by Tarik Sulayman, a brave warlord of Macabebe fought the invading Spanish colonizers under the command of Martin de Goiti. Although the courageous Kapampangans were equipped with the powerful cannons made by Panday Pira of Apalit, the Spaniards won in that Battle of Bankusay, the first major recorded battle in Manila Bay. Spanish armament superiority and assistance of hundreds of native soldiers from the Visayas called Pintados who were recruited by the Spaniards were major factors in the victory of the Spaniards. However, the Kapampangans gained respect for their bravery and skill in battle. The Spaniards befriended the Kapampangans and the friendship was reciprocated with loyalty and cooperation on the part of the Kapampangans particularly their leaders who were given certain privileges. Kapampangans became allies of the Spaniards in repulsing Limahong and his Chinese pirates from Philippine territories and in fighting the Dutch and the British when they tried to occupy the Philippines.
In 1583, many Kapampangans were sent by the Spanish authorities to the gold mines of Ilocos and were not allowed to return to their homes for the planting season. Famine followed in 1584 and in 1585, the Kapampangans revolted and defied Spanish domination.
In 1645, after a strong earthquake hit Pampanga, natives of Gapan, a town of Pampanga at that time, initiated an uprising to gain back their freedom by killing Spanish officials and priests. With the help of the Zambals, the Kapampangans seized Spanish arms and burned down the churches in the neighboring villages.
Again in 1660-1661, the Kapampangans who suffered the most from the two Spanish systems of taxation called Polo and Vandala , under the command of a master-of-camp of the King of Spain, Francisco Maniago of Masicu, staged rebellions against Spanish authorities. Thousands of male Kapampangans between the ages of sixteen and sixty were forced to render services to the Spaniards for forty days such as cutting timbers to build galleons for the Manila-Mexico trade. The servitude disrupted the Kapampangan family and economic life. The Kapampangan rebels encouraged the people of Pangasinan and the Ilocos to join them in their revolt against the tribute system. Following the military tactic of divide and conquer, Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara befriended the chieftain of Arayat, Don Juan Macapagal who agreed to side with the Spaniards. The alliance of Don Juan Macapagal and Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara helped in aborting any move of the Pangasinan and Ilocos rebels to assist the Kapampangan rebels via the foothills of Mt. Arayat.
The alcalde mayor of Pampanga, Don Juan Gomez de Payva and Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara sent delegations led by friendly Spanish friars such as Fray Andres Salazar, Fray Juan de Abarca, Fray Joseph de la Anunciacion, Fray Juan de San Diego and Fray Carlos de Jesus to pacify the Kapampangan rebels. A settlement was agreed upon wherein the rebels were given their back pay, 14,000 pesos were paid out of the 200,000 pesos demanded, their houses were repaired, Spanish captive officials were released and governmental affairs were put in order.
It was reported later that the rebel leader, Don Francisco Maniago who was taken as hostage during the negotiation, and his brother, Don Cristobal were executed without the benefit of a court trial.
More than two centuries later, the Kapampangans joined the revolution against Spain and against the United States of America. Pampanga was one of the first eight Philippine provinces that initiated the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The rebels organized a provincial government with Don Tiburcio Hilario as revolutionary governor. Monetary contributions were collected from wealthy Kapampangans. Don Manuel Escaler of Apalit was one of the biggest financial contributors to the treasury of the Philippine Revolution.
Famous Kapampangan generals Jose Alejandrino, Servillano Aquino, Maximino Hizon, Francisco Makabulos and Mamerto Natividad played major roles in the struggles to gain Philippine independence. For their active involvement and leadership in the movement for freedom, many prominent Kapampangans were arrested by the Spanish authorities in the late 19th century and became victims of the Spanish reign of terror.
In World War II, the Kapampangans answered the call of duty to their motherland and with their Filipino brothers and American allies, they fought the Japanese Imperial Forces in Bataan and in Corregidor. After the temporary defeat of the Allied Forces in the Philippines, an armed resistance group called Hukbalahap (Nation’s Army Against Japan) was organized by Pampanga peasant leaders led by Luis Taruc and Casto Alejandrino in order to fight the Japanese Imperial Forces until the liberation of the Philippines by the Allied Forces led by General Douglas MacArthur who made good his famous promise, “I shall return” when he escaped to Australia before the invading Japanese Imperial Forces set foot on Philippine soil.
The Marcos dictatorial government in the ’70s through the early ’80s saw again the Kapampangans in the struggle to dismantle martial law until President Ferdinand Marcos, his family and some of his cronies were forced to flee the country and sought refuge in Hawaii and in other foreign lands. The conciliatory administrations of President Cory C. Aquino, widow of Martial Law famous victim and national hero, Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. , and President Fidel Ramos made it possible for the Marcos family and their cronies returned to the Philippines. President Joseph Estrada not only continued the conciliatory policy of his two predecessors but he also welcome some of the former supporters of President Marcos to assist his administration in helping the poor, reducing or eliminating crimes and improving the national economy.
In late 2000, President Joseph Estrada was accused by Ilocos Sur Governor Luis Singson of graft and corruption by taking bribes and kickbacks from illegal gambling and tobacco excise tax intended for the tobacco producing provinces. The accusation led to President Estrada’s impeachment. When the Philippine Senate stopped the impeachment trial after the pro-Administration senators voted not to open an exhibit envelop containing legal and banking documents linking President Estrada to multi-million peso banking transactions under an alleged fictitious name, he lost the support of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and many of his cabinet members resigned from their positions in January, 2001. He was forced to vacate the presidential position at the height of the citizens’ protests and demonstrations at EDSA.
On January 20, 2001, another outstanding Kapampangan, Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was sworn-in as the 14th President of the Republic of the Philippines by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Hilario Davide, Jr., in the presence of her family and before the cheering crowd of hundreds of thousands of heroes and heroines of People Power II.
The Provincial Governors of Pampanga
According to the records of the Provincial Planning and Development Office, the following served as governors of Pampanga:
Tenure Governors
2007-present
2004-2007
1995-2004
1986-1995
1980-1986
1976-1980
1972-1976
1960-1971
1952-1959
1948-1951
1945-1947
1945
1944
1944
1942-1944
1942
1938 – 1941
1931 – 1937
Jun-Oct 1931
1925 – 1931
1922 – 1925
1918 – 1922
1917
1916
1912 – 1916
1904 – 1912
1902 – 1903
1900 – 1901
1899
1896 – 1898 Eduardo Panlilio
Mark Lapid
Manuel Lapid
Bren Z. Guiao
Estelito P. Mendoza
Juanita L. Nepomuceno
Brigido R. Valencia
Francisco G. Nepomuceno
Rafael L. Lazatin
Jose B. Lingad
Pablo Angeles David
Gerardo Limlingan
Jose David
Urbano Dizon
Eligio Lagman
Lazaro Yambao
Sotero Baluyut
Pablo Angeles David
Eligio Lagman
Sotero Baluyut
Olimpo Guanzon
Honorio Ventura
Pablo Angeles David
Honorio Ventura
Francisco Liongson
Macario Arnedo
Ceferino Joven
Gen. Jose Alejandrino
Gen. Tomas Mascardo
Tiburcio Hilario
Some of Pampanga’s governors became national figures and played very important roles in the national administration and economic development of the whole country. General Jose Alejandrino was appointed as a senator representing Mindanao and Gov. Honorio Ventura was designated as Secretary of the Interior by American Governor General Wood in the nineteen twenties. Honorable Francisco Liongson and Pablo Angeles David served also as senators. Honorable Sotero Baluyut was chosen as Secretary of the Interior by President Manuel L. Quezon. President Diosdado Macapagal designated his fellow Kapampangans, Jose B. Lingad as Bureau of Internal Revenue and Bureau of Customs Commissioner and Brigido R. Valencia as Secretary of Public Works in the ’60s. Estelito Mendoza held the position of Solicitor General of the Philippines during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos.
Source: http://www.andropampanga.com/history.htm
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